Middle-East and Africa Business Jet Market Size
Icons | Lable | Value |
---|---|---|
Study Period | 2017 - 2030 | |
Market Size (2024) | USD 1.09 Billion | |
Market Size (2030) | USD 2.14 Billion | |
Largest Share by Body Type | Large Jet | |
CAGR (2024 - 2030) | 11.98 % | |
Largest Share by Country | United Arab Emirates | |
Major Players |
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*Disclaimer: Major Players sorted in no particular order |
Middle-East and Africa Business Jet Market Analysis
The Middle-East and Africa Business Jet Market size is estimated at 1.09 billion USD in 2024, and is expected to reach 2.14 billion USD by 2030, growing at a CAGR of 11.98% during the forecast period (2024-2030).
1.1 B
Market Size in 2024 (USD)
2.1 B
Market Size in 2030 (USD)
126
Total Deliveries in the Historic Period (2017-2023)
210
Total Deliveries during the Forecast Period (2024-2030)
Largest Market by Body Type
97.98 %
value share, Large Jet, 2023
The increasing popularity of large jets because of their comfort, convenience, and ability to travel long distances is projected to drive their demand in the region.
Fastest-growing Market by Body Type
Infinity %
Projected CAGR, Mid-Size Jet, 2024-2030
Consumer preference for high-premium quality and convenient jets that offer large and personalized space is driving the adoption rate for large jets.
Largest Market by Country
17.12 %
value share, United Arab Emirates, 2023
The procurement of large jets by various companies or individuals across different sectors drives the market's growth in the country.
Leading Market Player
48.68 %
market share, General Dynamics Corporation, 2022
The company's strongest and most advanced fleet of different types of business jets is encouraging customers to procure more jets, resulting in a high market share.
Second Leading Market Player
40.56 %
market share, Bombardier Inc., 2022
The company's focus on new product development in various types of business jet segments is boosting its position as a leading player.
Large jets are driving the demand in the market
- Middle East & Africa accounted for around 3% of the global business jet deliveries from 2017 to 2022. After the pandemic, the demand for business jets in the region declined by 26% in 2021, specifically in the large business jet segment.
- The large jet segment in the Middle East & African general aviation market dominates the current operational fleet, accounting for 293 aircraft out of the total 588 aircraft. Adopting large jets is more prevalent in the Middle East & Africa. In terms of the current operational fleet, the large jets accounted for around 50% of the overall Middle East business jet fleet and 36% in the African region of July 2022.
- In 2022, air charter service providers witnessed high demand in the entire region, with a surge in new memberships for business aviation. For instance, in 2021, the UAE-based air charter service provider VistaJet registered a growth of around 100% in new memberships during January and June 2021.
- Bombardier was the leading OEM, with 23% of the current operational fleet size, followed by Gulfstream and Boeing, with 21% and 14%, respectively, in the Middle Eastern business jet fleet as of July 2022. In Africa, Bombardier was the leading player in terms of the current operational fleet, with 22% of the jets, followed by Cessna, BAE, and Gulfstream with 21%, 15%, and 13% of the current fleet, respectively. The surge in UHNWIs in the region is expected to aid the business jet segment in the country. Around 200+ aircraft are expected to be delivered during 2022-2028.
The number of first-time flyers of private jets has increased, further aiding market growth
- The Middle East & Africa accounted for around 3% of the global business jet deliveries from 2017 to 2022. After the COVID-19 pandemic, business jet demand in this region surged by 42% in 2022 compared to 2020, specifically in the large business jet segment. The number of first-time flyers in private jets has increased after the COVID-19 pandemic. Regional companies have also witnessed increased long-distance travel from European countries.
- Adopting large jets is more prevalent in the Middle East & Africa. In terms of the current operational fleet, large jets accounted for around 65%, followed by mid-size jets and light jets with shares of 19% and 13%, respectively, of the overall Middle Eastern business jet fleet as of December 2022. Gulfstream has focused on growth opportunities in this region with its large jet offerings, such as Gulfstream G450 and G650ER.
- In 2021, air charter service providers witnessed high demand in the whole Middle East & Africa with the surge in new memberships for business aviation. For instance, in 2021, UAE-based air charter service provider Vista Jet registered a growth of around 100% in new memberships from January to June 2021 compared to the first half of 2020.
- Gulfstream is the leading original equipment manufacturer, with 15% of the operational fleet size, followed by Cessna and Learjet, with shares of 13% and 10%, respectively, in the Middle Eastern business jet fleet as of December 2022. Furthermore, the number of HNWIs in the region increased from 0.7 million in 2017 to 1.2 million in 2022, with a growth of 72% between 2017 and 2022. Around 241 business jets are expected to be delivered between 2023 and 2030.
Middle-East and Africa Business Jet Market Trends
Oil and gas and real estate were the major industries that boosted the growth of HNWIs in the Middle East
- From 2017 to 2022, there was a surge of around 118% in the UHNWI population in the Middle East compared to Africa, where the number of UHNWIs surged only by around 4.4% in the same period. In 2022, the number of UHNWIs in the Middle East increased by 8%, while Africa experienced a 0.8% decrease compared to 2021.
- The HNWI-friendly policies of the Middle East led to the migration of a large number of HNWIs into these countries. For instance, in 2022, the United Arab Emirates was expected to attract the largest number of high-net-worth individuals. An inflow of around 4,000 millionaires is expected in the country. Most of the HNWIs belong to India, Russia, Africa, and other Middle Eastern countries. Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Turkey were the major countries in terms of the UHNWI population, witnessing growth rates of 98%, 57%, and 59%, respectively, during 2017-2022.
- In the Middle East, the growth in the HNWI population was majorly led by the United Arab Emirates and Israel due to an increase in tech industrial focus. The recovery in oil prices also helped the GDP growth of the Middle East and North Africa, reaching 4.3% in 2022 compared to a contraction of 3.9% in 2021. Financial services, basic materials, real estate, transportation, and logistics were the major industries that accounted for a large number of HNWIs in the region. In Africa, South Africa, Egypt, Kenya, Nigeria, and Morocco account for over 55% of the overall region's high-net-worth individuals (HNWIs).
Middle-East and Africa Business Jet Industry Overview
The Middle-East and Africa Business Jet Market is fairly consolidated, with the top five companies occupying 89.01%. The major players in this market are Airbus SE, Bombardier Inc., Dassault Aviation, General Dynamics Corporation and Textron Inc. (sorted alphabetically).
Middle-East and Africa Business Jet Market Leaders
Airbus SE
Bombardier Inc.
Dassault Aviation
General Dynamics Corporation
Textron Inc.
Other important companies include Cirrus Design Corporation, Embraer, Honda Motor Co., Ltd., Pilatus Aircraft Ltd, The Boeing Company.
*Disclaimer: Major Players sorted in alphabetical order.
Middle-East and Africa Business Jet Market News
- October 2023: Textron Aviation announced that it entered into a purchase agreement with Fly Alliance for up to 20 Cessna Citation business jets, four firms with options for 16 additional aircraft. Fly Alliance is expected to use the aircraft for its luxury private jet charter operations and expects to take delivery of the first aircraft, an XLS Gen2, in 2023.
- June 2023: Gulfstream Aerospace Corp. announced today the further expansion of its completions and outfitting operations at St. Louis Downtown Airport. With this latest expansion, Gulfstream is expected to increase completion operations at the site while modernizing its existing spaces by adding new, state-of-the-art equipment and tooling, representing a total capital investment of USD 28.5 million.
- June 2023: Gulfstream Aerospace Corp. announced that the super-midsize Gulfstream G280 was cleared for operations at France’s Airport of the Gulf of Saint-Tropez located in La Môle. The aircraft recently flew several takeoff and landing demonstrations at the short-field airport.
Free with this Report
We provide a complimentary and exhaustive set of data points on global and regional metrics that present the fundamental structure of the industry. Presented in the form of 45+ free charts, the section covers data on commercial aircraft deliveries by manufacturer, backlogs of commercial aircraft, active military aircraft fleet by type of aircraft, overall business jets and helicopters fleet by manufacturer and also classified by type of ownership.
Middle-East and Africa Business Jet Market Report - Table of Contents
1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY & KEY FINDINGS
2. REPORT OFFERS
3. INTRODUCTION
- 3.1 Study Assumptions & Market Definition
- 3.2 Scope of the Study
- 3.3 Research Methodology
4. KEY INDUSTRY TRENDS
- 4.1 High-net-worth Individual (hnwi)
- 4.2 Regulatory Framework
- 4.3 Value Chain Analysis
5. MARKET SEGMENTATION (includes market size in Value in USD and Volume, Forecasts up to 2030 and analysis of growth prospects)
-
5.1 Body Type
- 5.1.1 Large Jet
- 5.1.2 Light Jet
- 5.1.3 Mid-Size Jet
-
5.2 Country
- 5.2.1 Algeria
- 5.2.2 Egypt
- 5.2.3 Qatar
- 5.2.4 Saudi Arabia
- 5.2.5 South Africa
- 5.2.6 Turkey
- 5.2.7 United Arab Emirates
- 5.2.8 Rest of Middle East and Africa
6. COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE
- 6.1 Key Strategic Moves
- 6.2 Market Share Analysis
- 6.3 Company Landscape
-
6.4 Company Profiles
- 6.4.1 Airbus SE
- 6.4.2 Bombardier Inc.
- 6.4.3 Cirrus Design Corporation
- 6.4.4 Dassault Aviation
- 6.4.5 Embraer
- 6.4.6 General Dynamics Corporation
- 6.4.7 Honda Motor Co., Ltd.
- 6.4.8 Pilatus Aircraft Ltd
- 6.4.9 Textron Inc.
- 6.4.10 The Boeing Company
- *List Not Exhaustive
7. KEY STRATEGIC QUESTIONS FOR AVIATION CEOS
8. APPENDIX
-
8.1 Global Overview
- 8.1.1 Overview
- 8.1.2 Porter’s Five Forces Framework
- 8.1.3 Global Value Chain Analysis
- 8.1.4 Market Dynamics (DROs)
- 8.2 Sources & References
- 8.3 List of Tables & Figures
- 8.4 Primary Insights
- 8.5 Data Pack
- 8.6 Glossary of Terms
List of Tables & Figures
- Figure 1:
- POPULATION OF HIGH-NET-WORTH INDIVIDUAL (HNWI) BY COUNTRY, NUMBER OF HNWIS, MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA, 2017 - 2030
- Figure 2:
- NUMBER OF NEW AIRCRAFT DELIVERIES, VOLUME, MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA, 2017 - 2030
- Figure 3:
- NUMBER OF NEW AIRCRAFT DELIVERIES, USD, MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA, 2017 - 2030
- Figure 4:
- BUSINESS JETS DELIVERIES BY BODY TYPE, VOLUME, MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA, 2017 - 2030
- Figure 5:
- BUSINESS JETS DELIVERIES BY BODY TYPE, USD, MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA, 2017 - 2030
- Figure 6:
- BUSINESS JETS DELIVERIES BY BODY TYPE, VOLUME %, MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA, 2017 VS 2023 VS 2030
- Figure 7:
- BUSINESS JETS DELIVERIES BY BODY TYPE, VALUE %, MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA, 2017 VS 2023 VS 2030
- Figure 8:
- MIDDLE-EAST AND AFRICA BUSINESS JET MARKET, BY LARGE JET, UNITS, 2017 - 2030
- Figure 9:
- MIDDLE-EAST AND AFRICA BUSINESS JET MARKET, BY LARGE JET, USD, 2017 - 2030
- Figure 10:
- MIDDLE-EAST AND AFRICA BUSINESS JET MARKET, BY BODY TYPE, USD, %, 2023 VS 2030
- Figure 11:
- MIDDLE-EAST AND AFRICA BUSINESS JET MARKET, BY LIGHT JET, UNITS, 2017 - 2030
- Figure 12:
- MIDDLE-EAST AND AFRICA BUSINESS JET MARKET, BY LIGHT JET, USD, 2017 - 2030
- Figure 13:
- MIDDLE-EAST AND AFRICA BUSINESS JET MARKET, BY BODY TYPE, USD, %, 2023 VS 2030
- Figure 14:
- MIDDLE-EAST AND AFRICA BUSINESS JET MARKET, BY MID-SIZE JET, UNITS, 2017 - 2030
- Figure 15:
- MIDDLE-EAST AND AFRICA BUSINESS JET MARKET, BY MID-SIZE JET, USD, 2017 - 2030
- Figure 16:
- MIDDLE-EAST AND AFRICA BUSINESS JET MARKET, BY BODY TYPE, USD, %, 2023 VS 2030
- Figure 17:
- BUSINESS JETS DELIVERIES BY COUNTRY, VOLUME, MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA, 2017 - 2030
- Figure 18:
- BUSINESS JETS DELIVERIES BY COUNTRY, USD, MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA, 2017 - 2030
- Figure 19:
- BUSINESS JETS DELIVERIES BY COUNTRY, VOLUME %, MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA, 2017 VS 2023 VS 2030
- Figure 20:
- BUSINESS JETS DELIVERIES BY COUNTRY, VALUE %, MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA, 2017 VS 2023 VS 2030
- Figure 21:
- MIDDLE-EAST AND AFRICA BUSINESS JET MARKET, BY ALGERIA, UNITS, 2017 - 2030
- Figure 22:
- MIDDLE-EAST AND AFRICA BUSINESS JET MARKET, BY ALGERIA, USD, 2017 - 2030
- Figure 23:
- BUSINESS JETS DELIVERIES SHARE, VALUE, %, ALGERIA, 2023 VS 2030
- Figure 24:
- MIDDLE-EAST AND AFRICA BUSINESS JET MARKET, BY EGYPT, UNITS, 2017 - 2030
- Figure 25:
- MIDDLE-EAST AND AFRICA BUSINESS JET MARKET, BY EGYPT, USD, 2017 - 2030
- Figure 26:
- BUSINESS JETS DELIVERIES SHARE, VALUE, %, EGYPT, 2023 VS 2030
- Figure 27:
- MIDDLE-EAST AND AFRICA BUSINESS JET MARKET, BY QATAR, UNITS, 2017 - 2030
- Figure 28:
- MIDDLE-EAST AND AFRICA BUSINESS JET MARKET, BY QATAR, USD, 2017 - 2030
- Figure 29:
- BUSINESS JETS DELIVERIES SHARE, VALUE, %, QATAR, 2023 VS 2030
- Figure 30:
- MIDDLE-EAST AND AFRICA BUSINESS JET MARKET, BY SAUDI ARABIA, UNITS, 2017 - 2030
- Figure 31:
- MIDDLE-EAST AND AFRICA BUSINESS JET MARKET, BY SAUDI ARABIA, USD, 2017 - 2030
- Figure 32:
- BUSINESS JETS DELIVERIES SHARE, VALUE, %, SAUDI ARABIA, 2023 VS 2030
- Figure 33:
- MIDDLE-EAST AND AFRICA BUSINESS JET MARKET, BY SOUTH AFRICA, UNITS, 2017 - 2030
- Figure 34:
- MIDDLE-EAST AND AFRICA BUSINESS JET MARKET, BY SOUTH AFRICA, USD, 2017 - 2030
- Figure 35:
- BUSINESS JETS DELIVERIES SHARE, VALUE, %, SOUTH AFRICA, 2023 VS 2030
- Figure 36:
- MIDDLE-EAST AND AFRICA BUSINESS JET MARKET, BY TURKEY, UNITS, 2017 - 2029
- Figure 37:
- MIDDLE-EAST AND AFRICA BUSINESS JET MARKET, BY TURKEY, USD, 2017 - 2029
- Figure 38:
- BUSINESS JETS DELIVERIES SHARE, VALUE, %, TURKEY, 2023 VS 2030
- Figure 39:
- MIDDLE-EAST AND AFRICA BUSINESS JET MARKET, BY UNITED ARAB EMIRATES, UNITS, 2017 - 2030
- Figure 40:
- MIDDLE-EAST AND AFRICA BUSINESS JET MARKET, BY UNITED ARAB EMIRATES, USD, 2017 - 2030
- Figure 41:
- BUSINESS JETS DELIVERIES SHARE, VALUE, %, UNITED ARAB EMIRATES, 2023 VS 2030
- Figure 42:
- MIDDLE-EAST AND AFRICA BUSINESS JET MARKET, BY REST OF MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA, UNITS, 2017 - 2030
- Figure 43:
- MIDDLE-EAST AND AFRICA BUSINESS JET MARKET, BY REST OF MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA, USD, 2017 - 2030
- Figure 44:
- BUSINESS JETS DELIVERIES SHARE, VALUE, %, REST OF MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA, 2023 VS 2030
- Figure 45:
- MOST ACTIVE COMPANIES, NUMBER OF STRATEGIC MOVES, MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA, 2018-2023
- Figure 46:
- MOST ADOPTED STRATEGIES, COUNT, MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA, 2018 - 2023
- Figure 47:
- MAJOR PLAYERS REVENUE SHARE (%), MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA, 2023
Middle-East and Africa Business Jet Industry Segmentation
Large Jet, Light Jet, Mid-Size Jet are covered as segments by Body Type. Algeria, Egypt, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Turkey, United Arab Emirates are covered as segments by Country.
- Middle East & Africa accounted for around 3% of the global business jet deliveries from 2017 to 2022. After the pandemic, the demand for business jets in the region declined by 26% in 2021, specifically in the large business jet segment.
- The large jet segment in the Middle East & African general aviation market dominates the current operational fleet, accounting for 293 aircraft out of the total 588 aircraft. Adopting large jets is more prevalent in the Middle East & Africa. In terms of the current operational fleet, the large jets accounted for around 50% of the overall Middle East business jet fleet and 36% in the African region of July 2022.
- In 2022, air charter service providers witnessed high demand in the entire region, with a surge in new memberships for business aviation. For instance, in 2021, the UAE-based air charter service provider VistaJet registered a growth of around 100% in new memberships during January and June 2021.
- Bombardier was the leading OEM, with 23% of the current operational fleet size, followed by Gulfstream and Boeing, with 21% and 14%, respectively, in the Middle Eastern business jet fleet as of July 2022. In Africa, Bombardier was the leading player in terms of the current operational fleet, with 22% of the jets, followed by Cessna, BAE, and Gulfstream with 21%, 15%, and 13% of the current fleet, respectively. The surge in UHNWIs in the region is expected to aid the business jet segment in the country. Around 200+ aircraft are expected to be delivered during 2022-2028.
Body Type | Large Jet |
Light Jet | |
Mid-Size Jet | |
Country | Algeria |
Egypt | |
Qatar | |
Saudi Arabia | |
South Africa | |
Turkey | |
United Arab Emirates | |
Rest of Middle East and Africa |
Market Definition
- Aircraft Type - General Aviation includes aircraft used for corporate aviation, business aviation and other aerial works.
- Sub-Aircraft Type - Business Jets which are private jets and are designed to carry small groups of people and are used for various roles are included in this study.
- Body Type - Light Jets, Mid-Size Jets, and Large Jets according to their ability to carry passengers and flying distance ranges have been included under this study.
Keyword | Definition |
---|---|
IATA | IATA stands for the International Air Transport Association, a trade organization composed of airlines around the world that has an influence over the commercial aspects of flight. |
ICAO | ICAO stands for International Civil Aviation Organization, a specialized agency of the United Nations that supports aviation and navigation around the globe. |
Air Operator Certificate (AOC) | A certificate granted by a National Aviation Authority permitting the conduct of commercial flying activities. |
Certificate Of Airworthiness (CoA) | A Certificate Of Airworthiness (CoA) is issued for an aircraft by the civil aviation authority in the state in which the aircraft is registered. |
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) | Gross domestic product (GDP) is a monetary measure of the market value of all the final goods and services produced in a specific time period by countries. |
RPK (Revenue Passenger Kilometres) | The RPK of an airline is the sum of the products obtained by multiplying the number of revenue passengers carried on each flight stage by the stage distance - it is the total number of kilometers traveled by all revenue passengers. |
Load Factor | The load factor is a metric used in the airline industry that measures the percentage of available seating capacity that has been filled with passengers. |
Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) | An original equipment manufacturer (OEM) traditionally is defined as a company whose goods are used as components in the products of another company, which then sells the finished item to users. |
International Transportation Safety Association (ITSA) | International Transportation Safety Association (ITSA) is an international network of heads of independent safety investigation authorities (SIA). |
Available Seats Kilometre (ASK) | This metric is calculated by multiplying Available Seats (AS) in one flight, defined above, multiplied by the distance flown. |
Gross Weight | The fully-loaded weight of an aircraft, also known as “takeoff weight,” which includes the combined weight of passengers, cargo, and fuel. |
Airworthiness | The ability of an aircraft, or other airborne equipment or system, to operate in flight and on the ground without significant hazard to aircrew, ground crew, passengers or to other third parties. |
Airworthiness Standards | Detailed and comprehensive design and safety criteria applicable to the category of aeronautical product (aircraft, engine or propeller). |
Fixed Base Operator (FBO) | A business or organization that operates at an airport. An FBO provides aircraft operating services like maintenance, fueling, flight training, charter services, hangaring, and parking. |
High Net worth Individuals (HNWIs) | High Net worth Individuals (HNWIs) are individuals with over USD 1 million in liquid financial assets. |
Ultra High Net worth Individuals (UHNWIs) | Ultra High Net worth Individuals (UHNWIs) are individuals with over USD 30 million in liquid financial assets. |
Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) | The division of the Department of Transportation is concerned with aviation. It operates Air Traffic Control and regulates everything from aircraft manufacturing to pilot training to airport operations in the United States. |
EASA (European Aviation Safety Agency) | The European Aviation Safety Agency is a European Union agency established in 2002 with the task of overseeing civil aviation safety and regulation. |
Airborne Warning and Control System (AW&C) aircraft | Airborne Warning and Control System (AEW&C) aircraft is equipped with a powerful radar and on-board command and control center to direct the armed forces. |
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) | The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance between 30 member states – 28 European and two North American. |
Joint Strike Fighter (JSF) | Joint Strike Fighter (JSF) is a development and acquisition program intended to replace a wide range of existing fighter, strike, and ground attack aircraft for the United States, the United Kingdom, Italy, Canada, Australia, the Netherlands, Denmark, Norway, and formerly Turkey. |
Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) | A light combat aircraft (LCA) is a light, multirole jet/turboprop military aircraft, commonly derived from advanced trainer designs, designed for engaging in light combat. |
Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) | Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) is an international institute that provides data, analysis, and recommendations for armed conflict, military expenditure, and arms trade as well as disarmament and arms control. |
Maritime Patrol Aircraft (MPA) | A maritime patrol aircraft (MPA), also known as maritime reconnaissance aircraft is a fixed-wing aircraft designed to operate for long durations over water in maritime patrol roles, in particular, anti-submarine warfare (ASW), anti-ship warfare (AShW), and search and rescue (SAR). |
Mach Number | The Mach number is defined as the ratio of true airspeed to the speed of sound at the altitude of a given aircraft. |
Stealth Aircraft | Stealth is a Common term applied to low observable (LO) technology and doctrine, that makes an aircraft near invisible to radar, infrared or visual detection. |
Research Methodology
Mordor Intelligence follows a four-step methodology in all our reports.
- Step-1: Identify Key Variables: In order to build a robust forecasting methodology, the variables and factors identified in Step-1 are tested against available historical market numbers. Through an iterative process, the variables required for market forecast are set and the model is built on the basis of these variables.
- Step-2: Build a Market Model: Market-size estimations for the historical and forecast years have been provided in revenue and volume terms. For sales conversion to volume, the average selling price (ASP) is kept constant throughout the forecast period for each country, and inflation is not a part of the pricing.
- Step-3: Validate and Finalize: In this important step, all market numbers, variables and analyst calls are validated through an extensive network of primary research experts from the market studied. The respondents are selected across levels and functions to generate a holistic picture of the market studied.
- Step-4: Research Outputs: Syndicated Reports, Custom Consulting Assignments, Databases & Subscription Platforms